A common study design for comparing the performances of diagnostic imaging tests is to obtain ratings from multiple readers of multiple cases whose true statuses are known. Typically, there is overlap between the tests, readers, and/or cases for which special analytical methods are needed to perform statistical comparisons. We present our new MATLAB MRMCaov toolbox, which is designed for multi-reader multi-case comparisons of two or more diagnostic tests. The toolbox allows for statistical comparison of reader performance metrics, such as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC), with analysis of variance methods originally proposed by Obuchowski and Rockette (1995) and later unified and improved by Hillis and colleagues (2005, 2007, 2008, 2018). MRMCaov is open-source software with an integrated command-line interface for performing multi-reader multi-case statistical analysis, plotting, and presenting results. Its features (1) ROC AUC, likelihood ratios of positive or negative ratings, sensitivity, specificity, and expected utility reader performance metrics; (2) reader-specific ROC curves; (3) user-definable performance metrics; (4) test-specific estimates of mean performance along with confidence intervals and p-values for statistical comparisons; (5) support for factorial, nested, or partially paired study designs; (6) inference for random or fixed readers and cases; (7) DeLong, jackknife, or unbiased covariance estimation; and (8) compatibility with Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.
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In this article, we present the development and psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Assessment of COVID-19--Related Fears (MAC-RF). The MAC-RF is an eight-item, self-report scale that has been developed to assess clinically relevant domains of fear during the COVID-19 pandemic. The MAC-RF is based on a comprehensive theoretical model conceptualizing fears during the pandemics as resulting from an interaction of bodily, interpersonal, cognitive, and behavioral experiences. The MAC-RF was administered to a sample of 623 Italian adults from the community aged between 18 and 76 years old (M= 35.67, SD= 12.93), along with a measure of current clinical symptoms. Item response theory analyses demonstrated that each item of the MAC-RF provided sufficient information about the underlying construct of fear. The statistical fit of the scale was satisfactory. MAC-RF total scores correlated significantly and positively with total scores on the measure of psychopathology and with the clinical symptom domain scores. A ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis showed that the MAC-RF total score was sufficiently able to identify cases with high levels of current psychopathology, with an area under the curve of.76. These findings suggest that the MAC-RF can be used to assess pathological fear during pandemics. The English, Italian, and French versions of the MAC-RF are annexed to this article for use by clinicians and health services.
Additionally, to assess the strength of the relationship between MAC-LD and low serum E2 levels, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and calculated the area under the curve (AUC). A p-value
From the original dataset, 42 patients with MAC-LD and 101 healthy controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Three healthy controls using hormone medications were excluded. In addition, seven healthy controls with histories of MAC-LD or anti-GPL core IgA antibody positivity were excluded. Thus, the analysis ultimately included 42 patients with MAC-LD and 91 healthy controls.
The ROC curve analysis suggested a strong association between MAC-LD and E2. Furthermore, the high AUC makes E2 a potential candidate in developing diagnostic tools. Although it is difficult to diagnose MAC-LD without microbiological findings and imaging, low E2 levels might indicate pretest probabilities of MAC-LD.
YU designed the study, collected and analyzed data and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. TN and NH contributed to data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, and assisted in the preparation of the manuscript. YS contributed to analysis and interpretation of data. TA and ET contributed to data collection and critically reviewed the manuscript. SU, MMo, HF, MI, HK and MMu contributed to data interpretation, and critically reviewed the manuscript.
Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve with the calculation of area under curve (AUC) is a useful tool to evaluate the performance of biomedical and chemoinformatics data. For example, in virtual drug screening ROC curves are very often used to visualize the efficiency of the used application to separate active ligands from inactive molecules. Unfortunately, most of the available tools for ROC analysis are implemented into commercially available software packages, or are plugins in statistical software, which are not always the easiest to use. Here, we present Rocker, a simple ROC curve visualization tool that can be used for the generation of publication quality images. Rocker also includes an automatic calculation of the AUC for the ROC curve and Boltzmann-enhanced discrimination of ROC (BEDROC). Furthermore, in virtual screening campaigns it is often important to understand the early enrichment of active ligand identification, for this Rocker offers automated calculation routine. To enable further development of Rocker, it is freely available (MIT-GPL license) for use and modifications from our web-site ( ).
In early stages of drug discovery, virtual screening (VS) offers an attractive way to identify hit molecules for the target protein. Although there are a wide variety of tools to perform VS, it is necessary to validate their efficiency in separation of active ligands from inactive molecules. One issue that has helped validation significantly is the appearance of databases of ligand binding data, e.g. ChEMBL [1], and molecule collections, where not only active ligands but also decoy molecule sets are available, e.g. DUD [2], DUD-e [3], and DEKOIS [4, 5]. The other important issue in VS efficiency is the numerical and visual illustration of how well the VS method works. For this, two issues are typically calculated: (1) area under curve (AUC) for the receiver operation characteristics (ROC), and (2) early enrichment, e.g. upon the top 1 %. There are many possibilities to avoid the bias in the ROC AUC analysis [6, 7]. The ROC AUC value itself does not directly give detailed information about the early enrichment, but the visualization of it does. Especially, plotting ROC as a semi-logarithmic curve improves the readability a lot. Also weighting each active based on the size of the lead series to which it belongs [6] or incorporating the notion of early recognition into the ROC metric formalism [7] can give useful information about the enrichment of the active molecules. When ROC AUC value is reported with early enrichment, already the two numbers give a good idea for the quality of the used method to separate true positives from false positives.
For the ROC AUC visualization there are many tools [8], e.g. pROC [9], ROCR [10], Pcvsuite [11] that work on top of widely used R-package, and some of them contain sophisticated ROC comparisons for the analysis of medical data. Furthermore, there are web-based tools, such as jrocfit ( ), and standalone tools like MedCalc [12]. However, as all of these tools have been developed for calculation and comparison of medical data, they do not continue handy tools for VS efficiency analysis. Furthermore, the VS efficiency data is used in the comparison of different VS strategies and tools, and as we noticed in our previous study [13], authors have different opinions about the methods and types of calculations that should be employed with VS analysis. Motivated from this, we introduce a very user-friendly tool called Rocker dedicated for the VS analysis. Rocker calculates the ROC AUC-values, BEDROC-values [6, 7], draws the curves either as semi-logarithmic or non-logarithmic scale, and calculates the enrichment at the given percentage with two commonly used ways.
As is, Rocker offers a highly useful, easy-to-use tool for ROC analysis in VS, including calculations of AUCs and early enrichments. Although authors sincerely hope that the future developments are made available for the other users as well, that is not required by the license. 2ff7e9595c
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